{"id":1429,"date":"2017-01-25T09:27:26","date_gmt":"2017-01-25T09:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vyrobcikabelu.cz\/kvalita-kabelu\/kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras\/"},"modified":"2017-01-25T09:27:26","modified_gmt":"2017-01-25T09:27:26","slug":"kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/kvalita-kablov\/kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras\/","title":{"rendered":"Kvalita a \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Sulov\u00e1, J., Dani\u0161, M., VUKI a.s.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Starnutie je z\u00e1hadn\u00fd proces. Nie je \u00faplne pochopen\u00fd ani biol\u00f3gmi ani filozofmi a tie\u017e pre\u0148 nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 vysvetlenie in\u00e9 vedn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, vr\u00e1tane gerontol\u00f3gie. V hist\u00f3rii ka\u017edej d\u00f4le\u017eitej vednej oblasti, s v\u00fdnimkou oblasti starnutia, sa v\u0161ak d\u00e1 n\u00e1js\u0165 aspo\u0148 nieko\u013eko hlavn\u00fdch te\u00f3ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa vyv\u00edjali z mno\u017estva \u0161pekulat\u00edvnych hypot\u00e9z k jednej nanajv\u00fd\u0161 dvom pravdepodobn\u00fdm domnienkam. Ukazuje sa, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade procesu starnutia sa to zatia\u013e ned\u00e1. Napriek tomu, \u017ee existuje nieko\u013eko uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch interpret\u00e1ci\u00ed a zd\u00f4vodnen\u00ed starnutia (genetick\u00e1 v\u00fdbava, tempo \u017eivota, tempo reprodukcie, skracovanie telom\u00e9r, oxidat\u00edvny stres, vo\u013en\u00e9 radik\u00e1ly at\u010f.), dnes mo\u017eno jednozna\u010dne poveda\u0165 iba, \u017ee starnutie je definovan\u00e9 ako vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 p\u00f4sobenie genotypu a prostredia, ktor\u00e9 nemilosrdne pos\u00fava organizmus smerom k smrti. Postupn\u00fd degrada\u010dn\u00fd proces mo\u017eno analyzova\u0165, predpoveda\u0165, ale nemo\u017eno ho zastavi\u0165.<\/p>\n

Z tejto anal\u00f3gie sa d\u00e1 vych\u00e1dza\u0165 aj pri hodnoten\u00ed alebo predpovedan\u00ed \u017eivotnosti ne\u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, a teda aj elektroizola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a n\u00e1sledne k\u00e1blov. T\u00fdmto sa v poslednom \u010dase venuje v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 a\u017e do takej miery, \u017ee sa formuje nov\u00e1 vedn\u00e1 discipl\u00edna, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno nazva\u0165 technogerontol\u00f3gia. Pritom pre ne\u017eiv\u00e9 syst\u00e9my – materi\u00e1ly – je proces starnutia e\u0161te komplikovanej\u0161\u00ed, preto\u017ee spravidla nevieme ani presne definova\u0165 krit\u00e9rium \u017eivotnosti – \u201esmr\u0165\u201c materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Z poh\u013eadu spo\u013eahlivosti k\u00e1bla s\u00fa jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eily – vodi\u010de, ktor\u00fdch \u017eivotnos\u0165 je podmienen\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00fdmi izola\u010dn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi. Z tohto h\u013eadiska je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sme poznali ich vlastnosti a parametre nielen bezprostredne po ich v\u00fdrobe a in\u0161tal\u00e1cii, ale vedeli progn\u00f3zova\u0165 aj ich \u017eivotnos\u0165 v be\u017en\u00fdch podmienkach prev\u00e1dzky k\u00e1bla aj mo\u017enos\u0165 po\u0161kodenia v mimoriadnych podmienkach. Pritom pri progn\u00f3zovan\u00ed \u017eivotnosti je treba vzia\u0165 do \u00favahu aj \u010fal\u0161ie skuto\u010dnosti, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm, \u017ee priamy de\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd vplyv na \u017eily m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 a\u017e po po\u0161koden\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a a tie\u017e, \u017ee degrada\u010dn\u00e9 vplyvy v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje sp\u00f4sob ulo\u017eenia, kde za najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165, \u010di s\u00fa k\u00e1ble ur\u010den\u00e9 pre vonkaj\u0161ie alebo vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie a potom \u010di s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 pevne alebo po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky aj mechanicky nam\u00e1han\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Pri navrhovan\u00ed k\u00e1blov a ich kon\u0161trukcii musia by\u0165 aplikovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska vhodn\u00e9 pre prostredia prev\u00e1dzky k\u00e1blovej trasy. Ale pri rev\u00edznych prehliadkach alebo mimoriadnych situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch v prev\u00e1dzke treba ob\u010das skontrolova\u0165, pr\u00edpadne prehodnoti\u0165 zvy\u0161kov\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1bla, pri nov\u00fdch ju zase bez rizika garantova\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi. Preto je nutn\u00e9 pre ka\u017ed\u00fd materi\u00e1l vedie\u0165 progn\u00f3zova\u0165 jeho starnutie, t.j. degrad\u00e1ciu vplyvom prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9ho prostredia. Naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom pri anal\u00fdze starnutia materi\u00e1lu je jednak presn\u00e9 definovanie mo\u017en\u00fdch negat\u00edvnych vplyvov po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky, a tie\u017e, ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, ur\u010denie krit\u00e9ri\u00ed \u017eivotnosti, t.j. v\u00fdber k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej vlastnosti, ktor\u00e1 determinuje funk\u010dnos\u0165 k\u00e1blovej trasy a vhodnej met\u00f3dy merania tejto vlastnosti. Je pritom pochopite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je materi\u00e1l v bli\u017e\u0161om kontakte s atakuj\u00facimi, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi vplyvmi, t\u00fdm je sk\u00f4r po\u0161koden\u00fd a st\u00e1va sa nefunk\u010dn\u00fdm, ale to e\u0161te neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee ur\u010duje aj \u017eivotnos\u0165 alebo spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 k\u00e1blovej trasy. Definovanie krit\u00e9ri\u00ed \u017eivotnosti k\u00e1bla je teda d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 tak z ekonomick\u00e9ho ako i z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu. Prv\u00fdm krokom je identifik\u00e1cia \u010dinite\u013eov prev\u00e1dzky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 zmeny \u017eivotnosti k\u00e1blov, definovanie tzv. najslab\u0161ej s\u00fa\u010dasti zariadenia, od ktorej sa odv\u00edja jeho \u017eivotnos\u0165 v danom prostred\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku s\u00fa schematicky zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 vplyvy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu v\u00fdznamne ovplyvni\u0165 \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov.<\/p>\n

\"\"Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 vplyvy s\u00fa obvykle vecou v\u00fdrobcu, projektanta a realiz\u00e1tora k\u00e1blovej trate a t\u00edto maj\u00fa mo\u017enosti na ich zadefinovanie a elimin\u00e1ciu. Vonkaj\u0161ie vplyvy s v\u00fdnimkou \u00fadr\u017eby trasy s\u00fa len m\u00e1lo ovplyvnite\u013en\u00e9. Z nich najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov predov\u0161etk\u00fdm fyzik\u00e1lne, chemick\u00e9, biologick\u00e9 a klimatick\u00e9 vplyvy a najhor\u0161\u00ed je fakt, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou p\u00f4sobia s\u00fabe\u017ene, \u010d\u00edm obmedzuj\u00fa mo\u017enosti ich elimin\u00e1cie v kon\u0161truk\u010dnej a v\u00fdvojovej f\u00e1ze vzniku k\u00e1bla. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom b\u00fdva, \u017ee vo f\u00e1ze projektu iba m\u00e1lokto vie zadefinova\u0165 v\u0161etky ataky, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 k\u00e1bel vystaven\u00fd. Nehovor\u00edme iba o neo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch atakoch, medzi ktor\u00e9 patria r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby mechanick\u00e9ho po\u0161kodenia k\u00e1blov od stavebn\u00fdch mechanizmov a\u017e po hlodavce a in\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy. Pre vytvorenie predstavy, \u010do dok\u00e1\u017ee hlodavec urobi\u0165 s k\u00e1blovou trasou ilustra\u010dn\u00fd obr\u00e1zok:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

PE chr\u00e1ni\u010dka \u0424 50 mm verzus \u0161kre\u010dok: 0:1<\/em><\/p>\n

Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom b\u00fdva zadefinovanie t\u00fdch \u201eo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch\u201c atakov, ktor\u00e9 treba zoh\u013eadni\u0165 v \u0161t\u00e1diu projektovania. \u017de sa to v\u017edy nepodar\u00ed sme sa v\u0161etci presved\u010dili pri tuneli Blanka, kde n\u00e1m k\u00e1ble \u201ezostarli\u201c e\u0161te pred ich zapojen\u00edm. Do rozboru pre\u010do? sa nechceme p\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165, preto\u017ee aj po mesiacoch expert\u00edzy sa objavuj\u00fa nov\u00e9 skuto\u010dnosti: voda? jej pH? in\u00e9?… Treba sk\u00f4r h\u013eada\u0165 rie\u0161enia do bud\u00facnosti. Zo strany v\u00fdrobcov k\u00e1blov k tomu m\u00f4\u017eeme prispie\u0165 jednak \u0161kolen\u00edm elektroprojektantov, ale predov\u0161etk\u00fdm dodr\u017eiavan\u00edm kvalitat\u00edvnych po\u017eiadaviek na vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9 k\u00e1ble. K tomu prispieva aj ich presn\u00e9 zadefinovanie a teda kvalitn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 predpisy \u2013 technick\u00e9 normy. Preto sme radi, \u017ee po \u010ceskej republike sa n\u00e1m podarilo presadi\u0165 prevzatie \u010cSN 34 7411: 2014 pre k\u00e1ble, zn\u00e1me na na\u0161ich trhoch ako CYKY. Norma vyjde na Slovensku pravdepodobne za\u010diatkom novembra pod ozna\u010den\u00edm STN 34 7413 a je v nej kladen\u00fd d\u00f4raz najm\u00e4 na spr\u00e1vnu kon\u0161trukciu be\u017en\u00fdch in\u0161tala\u010dn\u00fdch k\u00e1blov, teda dodr\u017eiavanie rozmerov Cu vodi\u010dov, hr\u00fabok PVC izol\u00e1cie a pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a, ich mechanick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed a samozrejme vlastnost\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch. K\u00e1ble maj\u00fa by\u0165 odoln\u00e9 proti \u0161\u00edreniu plame\u0148a pod\u013ea STN EN 60332-1-2 (Sk\u00fa\u0161ky elektrick\u00fdch a optick\u00fdch k\u00e1blov v podmienkach po\u017eiaru. \u010cas\u0165 1-2: Sk\u00fa\u0161ka samostatn\u00e9ho izolovan\u00e9ho vodi\u010da alebo k\u00e1bla proti vertik\u00e1lnemu \u0161\u00edreniu plame\u0148a. Postup pre 1 kW zmie\u0161an\u00fd plame\u0148). Trieda reakcie na ohe\u0148 klasifikovan\u00e1 pod\u013ea nariadenia Eur\u00f3pskej komisie 2006\/751 \/ EC m\u00e1 by\u0165 Eca. Norma zah\u0155\u0148a k\u00e1ble kruhov\u00e9ho prierezu (CYKY) aj ploch\u00e9 k\u00e1ble (CYKYLo) s meden\u00fdm pln\u00fdm jadrom a PVC izol\u00e1ciou. K\u00e1ble s\u00fa v z\u00e1vislosti od typu ur\u010den\u00e9 pre silov\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 in\u0161tal\u00e1cie pre pevn\u00e9 ulo\u017eenie do zeme, do omietky a na povrchov\u00e9 mont\u00e1\u017ee do r\u00f4znych k\u00e1blov\u00fdch nosn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov. Norma m\u00e1 zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby na trhu boli len tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, ktor\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa kvalitat\u00edvne a technick\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky obvykl\u00e9 v \u010cR a SR.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Sulov\u00e1, J., Dani\u0161, M., VUKI a.s.) Starnutie je z\u00e1hadn\u00fd proces. Nie je \u00faplne pochopen\u00fd ani biol\u00f3gmi ani filozofmi a tie\u017e pre\u0148 nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 vysvetlenie in\u00e9 vedn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, vr\u00e1tane gerontol\u00f3gie. V hist\u00f3rii ka\u017edej d\u00f4le\u017eitej vednej oblasti, s v\u00fdnimkou oblasti starnutia, sa … Pokra\u010dova\u0165<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":899,"parent":1326,"menu_order":21,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKvalita a \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s - AVK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/kvalita-kablov\/kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kvalita a \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s - AVK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"(Sulov\u00e1, J., Dani\u0161, M., VUKI a.s.) Starnutie je z\u00e1hadn\u00fd proces. Nie je \u00faplne pochopen\u00fd ani biol\u00f3gmi ani filozofmi a tie\u017e pre\u0148 nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 vysvetlenie in\u00e9 vedn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, vr\u00e1tane gerontol\u00f3gie. 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