{"id":4700,"date":"2021-05-07T05:06:01","date_gmt":"2021-05-07T05:06:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/?p=4700"},"modified":"2021-05-10T05:19:22","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T05:19:22","slug":"kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/kvalita-a-zivotnost-kablovych-tras-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Kvalita a \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s"},"content":{"rendered":"

Starnutie je z\u00e1hadn\u00fd proces. Nie je \u00faplne pochopen\u00fd ani biol\u00f3gmi ani filozofmi a tie\u017e pre\u0148 nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 vysvetlenie exaktn\u00e9 vedn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, vr\u00e1tane gerontol\u00f3gie. Ukazuje sa, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov je mo\u017en\u00e9 aspo\u0148 presne definova\u0165 koniec procesu starnutia \u2013 smr\u0165. Hodnoteniu alebo predpovedaniu \u017eivotnosti ne\u017eiv\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov, a teda aj elektroizola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a n\u00e1sledne k\u00e1blov, sa v poslednom \u010dase venuje v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 a\u017e do takej miery, \u017ee sa formuje nov\u00e1 vedn\u00e1 discipl\u00edna, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno nazva\u0165 technogerontol\u00f3gia. Pritom pre ne\u017eiv\u00e9 syst\u00e9my \u2013 materi\u00e1ly \u2013 je proces starnutia a odhad \u017eivotnosti e\u0161te komplikovanej\u0161\u00ed, preto\u017ee spravidla nevieme ani presne definova\u0165 krit\u00e9rium \u017eivotnosti \u2013 \u201esmr\u0165\u201c materi\u00e1lu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z poh\u013eadu spo\u013eahlivosti k\u00e1bla s\u00fa jeho najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eily \u2013 vodi\u010de, ktor\u00fdch \u017eivotnos\u0165 je podmienen\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00fdmi izola\u010dn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi. Je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby sme poznali ich vlastnosti a parametre nielen bezprostredne po ich v\u00fdrobe a in\u0161tal\u00e1cii, ale vedeli progn\u00f3zova\u0165 aj ich \u017eivotnos\u0165 v be\u017en\u00fdch podmienkach prev\u00e1dzky k\u00e1bla aj mo\u017enos\u0165 po\u0161kodenia v mimoriadnych podmienkach. Pritom pri progn\u00f3zovan\u00ed \u017eivotnosti je treba vzia\u0165 do \u00favahu aj \u010fal\u0161ie skuto\u010dnosti, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm, \u017ee priamy de\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fd vplyv na \u017eily m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 a\u017e po po\u0161koden\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165a a tie\u017e, \u017ee degrada\u010dn\u00e9 vplyvy v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje sp\u00f4sob ulo\u017eenia, kde za najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165, \u010di s\u00fa k\u00e1ble ur\u010den\u00e9 pre vonkaj\u0161ie alebo vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie a potom \u010di s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 pevne alebo po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky aj mechanicky nam\u00e1han\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pri navrhovan\u00ed k\u00e1blov a ich kon\u0161trukcii musia by\u0165 aplikovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa z dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska vhodn\u00e9 pre prostredia prev\u00e1dzky k\u00e1blovej trasy. Ale pri rev\u00edznych prehliadkach alebo mimoriadnych situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch v prev\u00e1dzke treba ob\u010das skontrolova\u0165, pr\u00edpadne prehodnoti\u0165 zvy\u0161kov\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1bla, pri nov\u00fdch ju zase bez rizika garantova\u0165 z\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi. Preto je nutn\u00e9 pre ka\u017ed\u00fd materi\u00e1l vedie\u0165 progn\u00f3zova\u0165 jeho starnutie, t.j. degrad\u00e1ciu vplyvom prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9ho prostredia. Naj\u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom pri anal\u00fdze starnutia materi\u00e1lu je jednak presn\u00e9 definovanie mo\u017en\u00fdch negat\u00edvnych vplyvov po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky, a tie\u017e, ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, ur\u010denie krit\u00e9ri\u00ed \u017eivotnosti, t.j. v\u00fdber k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej vlastnosti, ktor\u00e1 determinuje funk\u010dnos\u0165 k\u00e1blovej trasy a vhodnej met\u00f3dy merania tejto vlastnosti. Je pritom pochopite\u013en\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je materi\u00e1l v bli\u017e\u0161om kontakte s\u00a0atakuj\u00facimi \u010dinidlami, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou vonkaj\u0161\u00edmi vplyvmi, t\u00fdm je sk\u00f4r po\u0161koden\u00fd a st\u00e1va sa nefunk\u010dn\u00fdm, ale to e\u0161te neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee ur\u010duje aj \u017eivotnos\u0165 alebo spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 k\u00e1blovej trasy. Definovanie krit\u00e9ri\u00ed \u017eivotnosti k\u00e1bla je teda d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 tak z ekonomick\u00e9ho ako i z bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu. Prv\u00fdm krokom je identifik\u00e1cia \u010dinite\u013eov prev\u00e1dzky, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 zmeny \u017eivotnosti k\u00e1blov, definovanie tzv. najslab\u0161ej s\u00fa\u010dasti zariadenia, od ktorej sa odv\u00edja jeho \u017eivotnos\u0165 v danom prostred\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Na obr\u00e1zku s\u00fa schematicky zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 vplyvy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu v\u00fdznamne ovplyvni\u0165 \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 1. Vplyvy, p\u00f4sobiace na \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1bla<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 vplyvy s\u00fa obvykle vecou v\u00fdrobcu, projektanta a realiz\u00e1tora k\u00e1blovej trasy a t\u00edto maj\u00fa mo\u017enosti na ich zadefinovanie a elimin\u00e1ciu. Popisuje ich aj STN 33 2000-52, ktor\u00e1 je SK verziou HD 60364-5-52. Vonkaj\u0161ie vplyvy s v\u00fdnimkou \u00fadr\u017eby trasy s\u00fa len m\u00e1lo ovplyvnite\u013en\u00e9. Popis a \u00a0definovanie vonkaj\u0161\u00edch vplyvov a\u00a0ich intenzity pomerne \u00faspe\u0161ne rie\u0161i norma STN 33 2000-….. predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v\u00a0\u010dasti 51 (<\/span>HD 60364-5-51)<\/span>. Z nich najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ie vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov predov\u0161etk\u00fdm fyzik\u00e1lne, chemick\u00e9, biologick\u00e9 a klimatick\u00e9 vplyvy a najhor\u0161\u00ed je fakt, \u017ee v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou p\u00f4sobia s\u00fabe\u017ene, \u010d\u00edm obmedzuj\u00fa mo\u017enosti ich elimin\u00e1cie v kon\u0161truk\u010dnej a v\u00fdvojovej f\u00e1ze vzniku k\u00e1bla. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom v\u0161ak zost\u00e1va, \u017ee v\u00a0obdob\u00ed tvorby projektu iba m\u00e1lokto vie zadefinova\u0165 v\u0161etky ataky, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 k\u00e1bel v\u00a0danej trase vystaven\u00fd. Nehovor\u00edme iba o neo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch atakoch, medzi ktor\u00e9 patria r\u00f4zne sp\u00f4soby mechanick\u00e9ho po\u0161kodenia k\u00e1blov od stavebn\u00fdch mechanizmov a\u017e po hlodavce a in\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchy. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pre vytvorenie predstavy, \u010do dok\u00e1\u017ee hlodavec urobi\u0165 s k\u00e1blovou trasou ilustra\u010dn\u00fd obr\u00e1zok<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 2 PE chr\u00e1ni\u010dka \u0424 50 mm verzus \u0161kre\u010dok: 0:1<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Ve\u013ekou nezn\u00e1mou sa m\u00f4\u017ee uk\u00e1za\u0165 aj zadefinovanie t\u00fdch \u201eo\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdch\u201c atakov, ktor\u00e9 treba zoh\u013eadni\u0165 v \u0161t\u00e1diu projektovania. \u017de sa to v\u017edy nepodar\u00ed sme sa v\u0161etci presved\u010dili viackr\u00e1t, v\u00fdznamne napr\u00edklad pri tuneli Blanka, kde n\u00e1m k\u00e1ble \u201ezostarli\u201c e\u0161te pred ich zapojen\u00edm. Do rozboru pre\u010do? sa nechceme p\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u0165, preto\u017ee aj po rokoch od expert\u00edz a\u00a0h\u013eadania pr\u00ed\u010din ich degrad\u00e1cie nie je jasne stanoven\u00fd d\u00f4vod a\u00a0v\u00a0hre s\u00fa viacer\u00e9 faktory ako voda a\u00a0jej nadmern\u00e1 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 v\u00a0tuneli, jej pH, ovplyvnen\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00fdmi stavebn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi alebo in\u00e9, zatia\u013e nepomenovan\u00e9 vplyvy. Treba sk\u00f4r h\u013eada\u0165 rie\u0161enia do bud\u00facnosti. Zo strany v\u00fdrobcov k\u00e1blov k tomu m\u00f4\u017eeme prispie\u0165 okrem dodr\u017eiavania po\u017eiadaviek na kvalitu na\u0161ich v\u00fdrobkov aj \u0161kolen\u00edm elektroprojektantov a\u00a0firiem, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s a siet\u00ed. Ku kvalite k\u00e1blov a\u00a0ich in\u0161tal\u00e1ci\u00ed prispieva aj ich presn\u00e9 zadefinovanie a teda kvalitn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 predpisy \u2013 technick\u00e9 normy a\u00a0legislat\u00edvne predpisy- z\u00e1kony a\u00a0vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm faktorom je aj systematick\u00e1 a\u00a0d\u00f4sledn\u00e1 kontrola kvality k\u00e1blov, pred\u00e1van\u00fdch na \u010deskom a\u00a0slovenskom trhu. J<\/span>edn\u00fdm z hlavn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov podpory kvality vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho trhu E\u00da, ktor\u00fd sa zaviedol pred 30 rokmi, je ozna\u010denie odsk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch a\u00a0schv\u00e1len\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov zna\u010dkou CE. <\/span>Toto ozna\u010denie poukazuje na to, \u017ee v\u00fdrobok bol podroben\u00fd definovan\u00fdm sk\u00fa\u0161kam a\u00a0bola preuk\u00e1zan\u00e1 zhoda jeho vlastnost\u00ed s po\u017eiadavkami E\u00da na bezpe\u010dnos\u0165, zdravie a ochranu \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.\u00a0Ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00a0n\u00e1s sa v\u0161ak stretol aj so zneu\u017eit\u00edm tohto ozna\u010denia a\u00a0k\u00fapil nekvalitn\u00fd v\u00fdrobok. <\/span>Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee p<\/span>okia\u013e nebude trh dostato\u010dne kontrolovan\u00fd (spoliehanie sa iba na zna\u010dku CE), je riziko, \u017ee k\u00fapite nejak\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky vr\u00e1tane k\u00e1blov nesp\u013a\u0148aj\u00face predp\u00edsan\u00e9 parametre pomerne vysok\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fdmto pr\u00edspevkom sme sa sna\u017eili otvori\u0165 viacero probl\u00e9mov hodnotenia starnutia elektroizola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, z ktor\u00fdch mnoh\u00e9 s\u00fa predmetom b\u00e1dania \u0161peci\u00e1lnych t\u00edmov. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 by sme chceli vyvola\u0165 diskusiu odborn\u00edkov z oblasti v\u00fdskumu a v\u00fdvoja k\u00e1blov a elektroizola\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e1 by \u010dasom mohla vies\u0165 k re\u00e1lnej\u0161iemu poh\u013eadu na definovanie \u017eivotnosti k\u00e1blov a k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s s v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm oh\u013eadom na podmienky ich pou\u017eitia a po\u017eiadavky na ich dlhodob\u00fa funk\u010dnos\u0165 alebo spo\u013eahlivos\u0165.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sulov\u00e1, J., Dani\u0161, M., VUKI a.s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Starnutie je z\u00e1hadn\u00fd proces. Nie je \u00faplne pochopen\u00fd ani biol\u00f3gmi ani filozofmi a tie\u017e pre\u0148 nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa komplexn\u00e9 vysvetlenie exaktn\u00e9 vedn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, vr\u00e1tane gerontol\u00f3gie. Ukazuje sa, \u017ee v pr\u00edpade \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov je mo\u017en\u00e9 aspo\u0148 presne definova\u0165 koniec procesu starnutia \u2013 smr\u0165. … Pokra\u010dova\u0165<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,21],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nKvalita a \u017eivotnos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s - AVK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Formuje sa nov\u00e1 vedn\u00e1 discipl\u00edna, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno nazva\u0165 technogerontol\u00f3gia. 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