{"id":5568,"date":"2022-08-18T11:12:01","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T11:12:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/?p=5568"},"modified":"2022-10-18T12:28:38","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T12:28:38","slug":"definicia-zakladnych-parametrov-koaxialneho-kabla","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/definicia-zakladnych-parametrov-koaxialneho-kabla\/","title":{"rendered":"Defin\u00edcia z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch parametrov koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla 1\/3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol s podporou Slovenskej agent\u00fary pre v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj (APVV)<\/em><\/p>\n

pod\u013ea zmluvy \u010d. APVV-18-0028, APVV-19-0049.<\/em><\/p>\n

Koaxi\u00e1lny k\u00e1bel je k\u00e1bel s koncentrickou kon\u0161trukciou. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee v strede k\u00e1bla je vn\u00fatorn\u00fd vodi\u010d, okolo vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da je izol\u00e1cia a nad izol\u00e1ciou je vonkaj\u0161\u00ed vodi\u010d – tienenie. \u0160\u00edrenie sign\u00e1lu je v r\u00e1mci dielektrika ohrani\u010den\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm a vonkaj\u0161\u00edm vodi\u010dom (tienen\u00edm).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vlnov\u00e1 impedancia (Characteristic Impedance)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ozna\u010denie:\u00a0 Z0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2126 (Ohm)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je to komplexn\u00e1 veli\u010dina a\u00a0vyjadruje vz\u0165ah nap\u00e4tia k\u00a0pr\u00fadu v\u00a0\u013eubovo\u013enom mieste k\u00e1bla. Vlnov\u00e1 impedancia k\u00e1bla by sa mala rovna\u0165 v\u00fdstupnej impedancii vysiela\u010da a vstupnej prij\u00edma\u010da. Rovnako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je tie\u017e prisp\u00f4sobenie konektorov. Odch\u00fdlka od menovitej hodnoty by mala by\u0165 max \u00b1 3 \u2126.<\/p>\n

Typick\u00e9 impedancie koaxi\u00e1lnych k\u00e1blov s\u00fa 50 \u2126 a 75 \u2126. V\u00a0za\u010diatkoch budovania po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch siet\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edvali pre siete ARCNET aj koaxi\u00e1lne k\u00e1ble s\u00a0impedanciou 93 \u2126. Vlnov\u00e1 impedancia je dan\u00e1 kon\u0161trukciou k\u00e1bla, a to priemerom vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da, priemerom nad izol\u00e1ciou (dielektrikom) a\u00a0vlastnos\u0165ami izol\u00e1cie\u00a0(relat\u00edvnou permitivitou dielektrika).<\/p>\n

50 \u2126 koaxi\u00e1lne k\u00e1ble sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v\u00a0r\u00e1diokomunika\u010dnej a vysielacej technike. V\u00a0minulosti boli k\u00e1ble pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri budovan\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch siet\u00ed LAN, ale v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti boli nahraden\u00e9 p\u00e1rovan\u00fdmi typmi k\u00e1blov UTP resp. FTP, pr\u00edpadne optick\u00fdmi k\u00e1blami.<\/p>\n

75 \u2126 koaxi\u00e1lne k\u00e1ble sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v\u00a0telev\u00edznej technike, v\u00a0priemyseln\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch kamerov\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch a\u00a0na \u0161\u00edrenie telev\u00edzneho sign\u00e1lu od ant\u00e9n k\u00a0prij\u00edma\u010dom ako aj v\u00a0telev\u00edznych k\u00e1blov\u00fdch rozvodoch.<\/p>\n

Vlnov\u00e1 impedancia sa zjednodu\u0161ene d\u00e1 vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 pod\u013ea vzorca:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Z0 <\/sub>\u2013 vlnov\u00e1 impedancia v \u2126<\/p>\n

\u0190r <\/sub>\u2013 dielektrick\u00e1 kon\u0161tanta (relat\u00edvna permitivita dielektrika) bezrozmern\u00e1 jednotka<\/p>\n

D \u2013 priemer nad izol\u00e1ciou v\u00a0mm<\/p>\n

d \u2013 priemer vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da v\u00a0mm<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota:\u00a0 zhoda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vlnov\u00e1 impedancia k\u00e1bla KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tlmenie (Attenuation)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ozna\u010denie:\u00a0 \u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dB\/m (decibel \/ m)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Charakterizuje zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00farovne sign\u00e1lu v\u00a0smere \u0161\u00edrenia sign\u00e1lu v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od d\u013a\u017eky k\u00e1bla. Tlmenie vyjadren\u00e9 v decibeloch na 100 m (dB\/100m), je parameter vyjadruj\u00faci vz\u0165ah \u00farovne nap\u00e4tia sign\u00e1lu na za\u010diatku meran\u00e9ho \u00faseku (k\u00e1bla) k\u00a0\u00farovni nap\u00e4tia sign\u00e1lu v istej vzdialenosti od za\u010diatku meran\u00e9ho \u00faseku (napr. 100 m).<\/p>\n

Tento parameter je frekven\u010dne z\u00e1visl\u00fd. Tlmenie je ur\u010den\u00e9 kon\u0161trukciou k\u00e1bla, a\u00a0to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm vodi\u010dom, izol\u00e1ciou,\u00a0tienen\u00edm a\u00a0rovnomernos\u0165ou vyhotovenia. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da je ur\u010duj\u00faci pre tlmenie priemer vodi\u010da a\u00a0elektrick\u00fd odpor, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci dielektrika je to stratov\u00fd \u010dinite\u013e izol\u00e1cie, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci tienenia je to \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 tienenia a\u00a0v\u00a0r\u00e1mci vyhotovenia je to homogenita vyhotovenia, ktor\u00e1 ovplyv\u0148uje sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 odrazy \u0161\u00edren\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Tlmenie sa vypo\u010d\u00edta pod\u013ea vzorca:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

U1 <\/sub>\u2013 nap\u00e4tie sign\u00e1lu na vstupe<\/p>\n

U2 <\/sub>\u2013 nap\u00e4tie sign\u00e1lu na v\u00fdstupe<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: \u010do najmen\u0161ia hodnota \/v absol\u00fatnom vyjadren\u00ed\/<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tlmenie k\u00e1bla KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tlmenie tienia (\u00da\u010dinnos\u0165 tienenia) \u00a0(Screening attenuation)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dB (decibel)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00da\u010dinnos\u0165 tienenia vo v\u0161eobecnosti ud\u00e1va schopnos\u0165 tienenia zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 elektromagnetick\u00e9mu ru\u0161eniu \u201ekontaminova\u0165\u201c sign\u00e1l vo vn\u00fatri koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla a naopak. V p\u00e1sme 30-3000 MHz je to vyjadren\u00e9 tlmen\u00edm tienenia (SA alebo Screening Attenuation). Pri ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch frekvenci\u00e1ch je t\u00e1to schopnos\u0165 vyjadren\u00e1 prenosovou impedanciou.<\/p>\n

Je definovan\u00e9 ako vz\u0165ah hodnoty intenzity elektrick\u00e9ho alebo magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea bez tienenia k\u00a0hodnote intenzity elektrick\u00e9ho alebo magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea mimo k\u00e1bla s pou\u017eit\u00fdm tienen\u00edm.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee vysok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 tienenia zabezpe\u010duje, \u017ee pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fd sign\u00e1l, \u0161\u00edriaci sa v\u00a0dielektriku nie je ru\u0161en\u00fd ne\u017eiad\u00facimi frekvenciami vonkaj\u0161ieho elektromagnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea vy\u017earovan\u00fdmi v\u00a0okol\u00ed k\u00e1bla. \u0160\u00edrenie sign\u00e1lu je vymedzen\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm a\u00a0vonkaj\u0161\u00edm vodi\u010dom (tienen\u00edm) a\u00a0tienenie zabra\u0148uje jeho \u00fabytku do okolia. Pri vysok\u00fdch frekvenci\u00e1ch s\u00fa vlny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa krat\u0161ie, n\u00e1chylnej\u0161ie na nedokonalosti tienenia. Na rozdiel od dlh\u00fdch v\u013an, tieto m\u00f4\u017eu prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do mikroskopick\u00fdch nedokonalost\u00ed tienenia a m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ru\u0161enie na rovnakej vlnovej d\u013a\u017eke.<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia vy\u0161\u0161ia hodnota (pri 1000 MHz \u2265 75 dB)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tlmenie tienenia KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V\u00e4zbov\u00e1 (prenosov\u00e1) impedancia (Transfer Impedance)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u2126\/m (miliohm \/ m)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prenosov\u00e1 impedancia sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ur\u010denie \u00fa\u010dinnosti tienenia pri ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch frekvenci\u00e1ch (5-30 MHz). Toto p\u00e1smo sa dnes vyu\u017e\u00edva na sp\u00e4tn\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly digit\u00e1lnej telev\u00edzie (Return Path, video na po\u017eiadanie, napr\u00edklad v\u00a0hoteli).<\/p>\n

Prenosov\u00e1 impedancia kvantifikuje vz\u0165ah medzi pr\u00fadom na povrchu tienenia s poklesom nap\u00e4tia generovan\u00fdm t\u00fdmto pr\u00fadom na opa\u010dnej strane povrchu tienenia.<\/p>\n

Vo v\u0161eobecnosti v\u00a0r\u00e1mci t\u00fdchto n\u00edzkych frekvenci\u00ed s\u00fa to ru\u0161enia generovan\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci dom\u00e1cej siete alebo v bezprostrednej bl\u00edzkosti (zle tienen\u00e9 sp\u00edna\u010de, motory chladni\u010diek, v\u00fd\u0165ahy, termostaty, \u017eiarivky at\u010f.).<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia ni\u017e\u0161ia hodnota (pri 30 MHz \u2264 15 <\/strong>m\u2126\/m<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e4zbov\u00e1 impedancia KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u010cinite\u013e sp\u00e4tn\u00e9ho odrazu\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (Structural Return Loss)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ozna\u010denie:\u00a0 SRL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dB (decibel)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kvantifikuje intenzitu odrazen\u00fdch v\u013an. Odrazen\u00e9 vlny s\u00fa ne\u017eiad\u00faci jav pre prenos sign\u00e1lu a\u00a0ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa jeho kvalitu. Predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pravidelne opakuj\u00face sa nehomogenity m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 odraz v\u013an s\u00a0vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou zhodnou so vzdialenos\u0165ou tejto pravidelne sa opakuj\u00facej nehomogenity. T\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 v\u00fdrazne s\u00favis\u00ed s\u00a0nedokonalos\u0165ou a\u00a0nehomogenitami s\u00favisiacimi s\u00a0v\u00fdrobou koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0praxi to m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e1 pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e1 frekvencia je v\u00fdrazne utlmen\u00e1, pokia\u013e je d\u013a\u017eka vlny tejto frekvencie zhodn\u00e1 s\u00a0d\u013a\u017ekou ne\u017eiad\u00facej odrazenej vlny. Re\u00e1lne sa to m\u00f4\u017ee prejavi\u0165 t\u00fdm, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00fd kan\u00e1l telev\u00edzneho prenosu je nekvalitn\u00fd, alebo jeho prenos nie je mo\u017en\u00fd na tejto frekvencii.<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia vy\u0161\u0161ia hodnota v\u00a0absol\u00fatnom vyjadren\u00ed, ne\u017eiad\u00face s\u00fa \u0161pi\u010dky diskr\u00e9tnych frekvenci\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u010cinite\u013e sp\u00e4tn\u00e9ho odrazu KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kapacita \u00a0\u00a0(Capacitance)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ozna\u010denie:\u00a0 C<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 pF\/m\u00a0 (picofarad \/ m)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kvantifikuje elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj nahromaden\u00fd medzi centr\u00e1lnym vodi\u010dom a tienen\u00edm v d\u013a\u017eke jedn\u00e9ho metra.<\/p>\n

Jednotkou merania je Farad. V koaxi\u00e1lnych k\u00e1bloch je hodnota vyjadren\u00e1 v pF\/m (F x 10-12<\/sup>). Kapacita, podobne ako impedancia, priamo z\u00e1vis\u00ed od dielektrick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed izol\u00e1cie a vzdialenosti medzi vn\u00fatorn\u00fdm vodi\u010dom a tienen\u00edm. Ni\u017e\u0161ia kapacita umo\u017e\u0148uje pri zachovan\u00ed vlnovej impedancie pri ur\u010dit\u00fdch rozmeroch dosiahnu\u0165 men\u0161ie tlmenie k\u00e1bla.<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia ni\u017e\u0161ia hodnota<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pomern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenia (Velocity of propagation ratio) <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 %<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kvantifikuje r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenia sign\u00e1lu v\u00a0koaxi\u00e1lnom k\u00e1bli vo vz\u0165ahu ku r\u00fdchlosti \u0161\u00edrenia svetla. Vyjadruje % r\u00fdchlosti \u0161\u00edrenia sign\u00e1lu v\u00a0k\u00e1bli ku r\u00fdchlosti \u0161\u00edrenia svetla vo v\u00e1kuu. Niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vyjadren\u00e1 bezrozmernou hodnotou ako koeficient kr\u00e1tenia r\u00fdchlosti ako \u010cinite\u013e kr\u00e1tenia r\u00fdchlosti.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1to hodnota je ur\u010den\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom dielektrika. \u010c\u00edm je dielektrikum kvalitnej\u0161ie a\u00a0obsahuje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed podiel vzduchovej izol\u00e1cie, t\u00fdm sa hodnota viac bl\u00ed\u017ei k\u00a0100 % resp.v pr\u00edpade \u010dinite\u013ea kr\u00e1tenia k\u00a01. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu dielektrika, ktor\u00e1 je ur\u010duj\u00faca pre parameter r\u00fdchlosti \u0161\u00edrenia je relat\u00edvna permitivita \u0190r<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Vz\u0165ah medzi pomernou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou \u0161\u00edrenia a\u00a0relat\u00edvnou permitivitou je:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vr<\/sub> \u2013 pomern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenia (%)<\/p>\n

\u0190r<\/sub> \u2013 relat\u00edvna permitivita (bezrozmern\u00e1)<\/p>\n

Typick\u00e9 hodnoty pre izol\u00e1cie (dielektrik\u00e1) koaxi\u00e1lnych k\u00e1blov s\u00fa:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia vy\u0161\u0161ia hodnota<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pomern\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenia KOAX RG 6\/CU\/LSZH\/5 VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Odpor vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da (jadra)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ozna\u010denie:\u00a0 R<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jednotka:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2126 (Ohm)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tento na prv\u00fd poh\u013ead jasn\u00fd parameter, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv na tlmenie, nie je a\u017e tak jednozna\u010dn\u00fd. Pri prenose vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov doch\u00e1dza v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku skin efektu k\u00a0vytl\u00e1\u010daniu pr\u00fadu do vonkaj\u0161ej vrstvy vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da. Preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 hodnota elektrick\u00e9ho odporu povrchovej vrstvy. Z\u00a0tohto d\u00f4vodu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch priemeroch koaxi\u00e1lnych k\u00e1blov pou\u017eit\u00e9 namiesto pln\u00e9ho vodi\u010da r\u00farky. Taktie\u017e sa netreba ob\u00e1va\u0165 oce\u013eov\u00fdch vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch vodi\u010dov s\u00a0dostato\u010dnou medenou vrstvou na povrchu vodi\u010da.<\/p>\n

\u017diadan\u00e1 hodnota: lep\u0161ia ni\u017e\u0161ia hodnota (hlavne povrchovej vrstvy)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ing. Rastislav Valach, VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol s podporou Slovenskej agent\u00fary pre v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj (APVV) pod\u013ea zmluvy \u010d. APVV-18-0028, APVV-19-0049. Koaxi\u00e1lny k\u00e1bel je k\u00e1bel s koncentrickou kon\u0161trukciou. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee v strede k\u00e1bla je vn\u00fatorn\u00fd vodi\u010d, okolo vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da je izol\u00e1cia a nad … Pokra\u010dova\u0165<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":975909,"featured_media":5565,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDefin\u00edcia z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch parametrov koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla 1\/3 - AVK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/definicia-zakladnych-parametrov-koaxialneho-kabla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Defin\u00edcia z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch parametrov koaxi\u00e1lneho k\u00e1bla 1\/3 - AVK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol s podporou Slovenskej agent\u00fary pre v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj (APVV) pod\u013ea zmluvy \u010d. 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