{"id":6507,"date":"2024-11-22T16:15:59","date_gmt":"2024-11-22T16:15:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/?p=6507"},"modified":"2024-11-22T16:16:21","modified_gmt":"2024-11-22T16:16:21","slug":"vplyv-prudovej-zatazitelnosti-na-oteplenie-izolacie-kabla-v-kratkych-usekoch-s-roznou-tepelnou-vodivostou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/vplyv-prudovej-zatazitelnosti-na-oteplenie-izolacie-kabla-v-kratkych-usekoch-s-roznou-tepelnou-vodivostou\/","title":{"rendered":"Vplyv pr\u00fadovej za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enosti na oteplenie izol\u00e1cie k\u00e1bla v kr\u00e1tkych \u00fasekoch s r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou"},"content":{"rendered":"

Po\u017eiadavky sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa<\/h2>\n

N\u00e1roky na funk\u010dnos\u0165,\u00a0spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 a efektivitu dod\u00e1vky elektrickej energie sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa. Na tieto po\u017eiadavky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vpl\u00fdva aj pr\u00fadov\u00e1 za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s. Miesta so zv\u00fd\u0161enou teplotou s\u00fa potencion\u00e1lnymi miestami neo\u010dak\u00e1vanej hav\u00e1rie, ktor\u00e1 s\u00favis\u00ed s\u00a0prehriat\u00edm izol\u00e1cie. Rovnako s\u00fa to miesta, ktor\u00e9 z\u00a0dlhodob\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska m\u00f4\u017eu prispie\u0165 k\u00a0zr\u00fdchlenej degrad\u00e1cii izol\u00e1cie a\u00a0t\u00fdm aj k\u00a0skr\u00e1teniu jej progn\u00f3zovanej \u017eivotnosti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dlhodob\u00e1 pr\u00fadov\u00e1 za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s b\u00fdva \u017eia\u013e v\u00a0praxi v\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch nastaven\u00e1 na preva\u017euj\u00face podmienky prostredia k\u00e1blovej trasy aj napriek tomu, \u017ee by mala by\u0165 prisp\u00f4soben\u00e1 najnepriaznivej\u0161\u00edm podmienkam. Pr\u00edklad tak\u00e9hoto stavu, ktor\u00fd vy\u00fastil do neo\u010dak\u00e1vanej poruchy z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu prekro\u010denia maxim\u00e1lneho dovolen\u00e9ho oteplenia je mo\u017en\u00e9 vidie\u0165 na obr. 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr.1 Hav\u00e1ria nn k\u00e1bla sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 prekro\u010den\u00edm maxim\u00e1lneho dovolen\u00e9ho oteplenia k\u00e1bla v \u00faseku so zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdm odvodom tepla<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kritick\u00e9 s\u00fa prechodov\u00e1 miesta<\/h2>\n

Prechody cez steny alebo \u00faseky s\u00a0r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 kritick\u00fdmi miestami k\u00e1blovej trasy. Cie\u013eom experimentu v\u00a0laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach bolo zisti\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e9 oteplenie v\u00a0prechodoch k\u00e1blov v\u00a0komer\u010dne vyr\u00e1ban\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch s\u00a0r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou a \u0161\u00edrkou pri vybran\u00fdch pr\u00fadov\u00fdch za\u0165a\u017eeniach s\u00a0r\u00f4znym po\u010dtom za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch vodi\u010dov. Vybran\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly maj\u00fa predstavova\u0165 re\u00e1lne typy materi\u00e1lov (prostred\u00ed) cez ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee k\u00e1blov\u00e1 in\u0161tal\u00e1cia prech\u00e1dza\u0165 v stavb\u00e1ch rodinn\u00fdch domov, bytov alebo budov vo v\u0161eobecnosti. Konkr\u00e9tne to boli: drevo (smrek), p\u00f3robet\u00f3n YTONG a miner\u00e1lna vata. Poh\u013ead na prechody z vybran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a na vzduchu po\u010das experiment\u00e1lneho merania je mo\u017en\u00e9 vidie\u0165 na obr.2.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr.2 Poh\u013ead na prechody z vybran\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a na vzduchu po\u010das realizovan\u00e9ho experimentu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vykonan\u00e9 merania<\/h2>\n

Na experiment\u00e1lne meranie oteplenia bola pou\u017eit\u00e1 vzorka komer\u010dne vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9ho n\u00edzkonap\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9ho k\u00e1bla typu N2XH-J 3×1,5. K\u00e1bel je ur\u010den\u00fd pre pevn\u00e9 rozvody v\u00a0sten\u00e1ch alebo na vzduchu a\u00a0vhodn\u00fd pre aplik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00fa odolnos\u0165 proti \u0161\u00edreniu plame\u0148a. Izol\u00e1cia \u017eily je tvoren\u00e1 zo zosie\u0165ovan\u00e9ho polyetyl\u00e9nu (XLPE). Odolnos\u0165 proti \u0161\u00edreniu plame\u0148a je ur\u010den\u00e1 pod\u013ea EN 60332-3-24.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Po\u010das experimentu\u00a0 prech\u00e1dzal meran\u00fd k\u00e1bel cez vybran\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly (prechody) s\u00a0r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou. D\u013a\u017eka (\u0161\u00edrka) prechodov bola stanoven\u00e1 na 10 cm, 20 cm a\u00a030 cm. Po\u010das experimentu boli postupne za\u0165a\u017eovan\u00e1 jedna, dve a\u00a0nakoniec tri \u017eily predmetn\u00e9ho k\u00e1bla pr\u00fadom s\u00a0kon\u0161tantnou hodnotou 15 A, 20 A\u00a0a 25 A\u00a0po dobu 4 h.<\/span><\/p>\n

Najsk\u00f4r bolo meran\u00e9 oteplenie k\u00e1bla v 10 cm \u0161\u00edrke prechodov z\u00a0YTONGu, smrekov\u00e9ho dreva, miner\u00e1lnej vaty a\u00a0na vzduchu pri pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed jedn\u00e9ho vodi\u010da 15 A, potom 20 A a\u00a0nakoniec 25 A. \u010ealej nasledovali merania pri dvoch a\u00a0nakoniec pri troch za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch vodi\u010doch pr\u00fadom pri tom istom pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed. Tak\u00fdto postup bol zopakovan\u00fd aj pri meraniach s d\u013a\u017ekou prechodov 20 cm a\u00a030 cm.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vplyv d\u013a\u017eky prechodu na oteplenie k\u00e1bla<\/h2>\n

Na obr. 3 je vidie\u0165 oteplenie meranej vzorky k\u00e1bla v z\u00e1vislosti od d\u013a\u017eky (\u0161\u00edrky) kr\u00e1tkych \u00fasekov (stien). Graf je vynesen\u00fd<\/span> len<\/b> pre za\u0165a\u017eenie <\/span>dvoch \u017e\u00edl<\/b>, ktor\u00e9 je \u0161tandardn\u00e9 pre tento typ k\u00e1bla. \u0160\u00edrka steny ozna\u010den\u00e1 v\u00a0prezentovanom grafe 0 cm reprezentuje oteplenie k\u00e1bla vo vzduchu. Hodnoty oteplenia k\u00e1bla vo vzduchu n\u00e1m sl\u00fa\u017eia na porovnanie teploty k\u00e1bla, ktor\u00e9 by <\/span>dosahoval e\u0161te pred vstupom do steny s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161ou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou. Hrub\u00e1 vodorovn\u00e1 \u010derven\u00e1 \u010diara v\u00a0grafe pri oteplen\u00ed 60 \u00b0C reprezentuje maxim\u00e1lne dovolen\u00e9 oteplenie k\u00e1bla N2XH-J 3×1,5 pri predpokladanej teplote okolia 30 \u00b0C. Z\u00a0prezentovan\u00e9ho grafu vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee maxim\u00e1lne dovolen\u00e9 oteplenie meran\u00e9ho k\u00e1bla 60 \u00b0C nebolo v\u00f4bec prekro\u010den\u00e9 pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed 15 A. Pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed 20 A\u00a0pri\u0161lo k\u00a0prekro\u010deniu maxim\u00e1lnej dovolenej teploty k\u00e1bla v\u00a0miner\u00e1lnej vate so\u00a0\u0161\u00edrkou steny 20 a\u00a030 cm. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade \u0161\u00edrky steny 30 cm a\u00a0pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed 25 A\u00a0pri\u0161lo k\u00a0prekro\u010deniu maxim\u00e1lnej teploty k\u00e1bla pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch meran\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch (okrem vzduchu). \u0160\u00edrka steny 20 cm bola kritick\u00e1 pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed 20 A\u00a0iba pre stenu z\u00a0miner\u00e1lnej vaty. \u0160\u00edrka steny 10 cm je z\u00a0h\u013eadiska prekro\u010denia maxim\u00e1lnej dovolenej teploty k\u00e1bla problematick\u00e1 iba pri miner\u00e1lnej vate a pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed 25 A. Pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch realizovan\u00fdch meraniach oteplenie k\u00e1bla vo vzduchu nepresiahlo maxim\u00e1lne dovolen\u00e9 oteplenie 60 \u00b0C na rozdiel od hodn\u00f4t oteplen\u00ed v prechodoch vybran\u00fdch stavebn\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch. V\u00a0prechodoch nameran\u00e9 hodnoty oteplen\u00ed z\u00e1viseli od po\u010dtu za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch vodi\u010dov, pr\u00fadov\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia, \u0161\u00edrky a\u00a0tepelnej vodivosti prechodu, pri\u010dom v\u00a0niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch dosahovali extr\u00e9mne hodnoty, ktor\u00e9 by mohli sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 okam\u017eit\u00fa hav\u00e1riu k\u00e1bla. Napr\u00edklad v\u00a0prechode miner\u00e1lnou vatou so \u0161\u00edrkou 30 cm a 25 A pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch <\/span>troch vodi\u010dov<\/b> bola nameran\u00e1 hodnota oteplenia 239,3 \u00b0C pri uva\u017eovan\u00ed teploty okolia 30 \u00b0C.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Obr.3\u00a0 Porovnanie vplyvu d\u013a\u017eky prechodov na oteplenie v stene z dreva, Ytongu, miner\u00e1lnej vaty a vo vzduchu pri dvoch za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch vodi\u010doch a r\u00f4znom pr\u00fadovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Norma STN 33 2000-5-52 uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee pr\u00fadov\u00e1 za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 mus\u00ed zoh\u013eadni\u0165 \u010das\u0165 k\u00e1blovej trasy s najnepriaznivej\u0161ie podmienkami. Z\u00e1rove\u0148, ale tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee t\u00e1to po\u017eiadavka sa m\u00f4\u017ee zvy\u010dajne zanedba\u0165, ak rozvod prech\u00e1dza stenou s hr\u00fabkou men\u0161ou ako 0,35 m. Z experiment\u00e1lne nameran\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov mo\u017eno skon\u0161tatova\u0165, \u017ee na oteplenie k\u00e1bla N2XH-J 3×1,5 m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd vplyv po\u010det za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch vodi\u010dov, pr\u00fadov\u00e9 za\u0165a\u017eenie, \u0161\u00edrka a\u00a0tepeln\u00e1 vodivos\u0165 prostredia <\/span>a\u00a0to aj v pr\u00edpade kr\u00e1tkych \u00fasekov men\u0161\u00edch ako 0,35 m. <\/b>Z\u00a0uveden\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov by sme mali pri ur\u010den\u00ed hodnoty pr\u00fadovej za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enosti k\u00e1blov pristupova\u0165 ve\u013emi opatrne a\u00a0najsk\u00f4r preveri\u0165, \u010di u\u017e meraniami alebo vhodn\u00fdmi simul\u00e1ciami, re\u00e1lne oteplenie v\u00a0prechodoch k\u00e1blov pozd\u013a\u017e k\u00e1blovej trasy.<\/span><\/p>\n

November 2024<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ing. Rastislav Valach,<\/span>
\n<\/span>VUKI a.s. Bratislava<\/span><\/p>\n

valach@vuki.sk<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Doc. Ing. Juraj Packa, PhD.<\/span>, Fakulta elektrotechniky a\u00a0informatiky STU Bratislava<\/span>,<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol s podporou Slovenskej agent\u00fary pre v\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj (APVV) pod\u013ea zmluvy \u010d. APVV-23-0012, APVV-23-0025<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po\u017eiadavky sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa N\u00e1roky na funk\u010dnos\u0165,\u00a0spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 a efektivitu dod\u00e1vky elektrickej energie sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa. Na tieto po\u017eiadavky v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom vpl\u00fdva aj pr\u00fadov\u00e1 za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 k\u00e1blov\u00fdch tr\u00e1s. Miesta so zv\u00fd\u0161enou teplotou s\u00fa potencion\u00e1lnymi miestami neo\u010dak\u00e1vanej hav\u00e1rie, ktor\u00e1 s\u00favis\u00ed s\u00a0prehriat\u00edm izol\u00e1cie. Rovnako … Pokra\u010dova\u0165<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":975909,"featured_media":6500,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nVplyv pr\u00fadovej za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enosti na oteplenie izol\u00e1cie k\u00e1bla v kr\u00e1tkych \u00fasekoch s r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou - AVK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vyrobcikabelu.cz\/sk\/vplyv-prudovej-zatazitelnosti-na-oteplenie-izolacie-kabla-v-kratkych-usekoch-s-roznou-tepelnou-vodivostou\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vplyv pr\u00fadovej za\u0165a\u017eite\u013enosti na oteplenie izol\u00e1cie k\u00e1bla v kr\u00e1tkych \u00fasekoch s r\u00f4znou tepelnou vodivos\u0165ou - AVK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Po\u017eiadavky sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa N\u00e1roky na funk\u010dnos\u0165,\u00a0spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 a efektivitu dod\u00e1vky elektrickej energie sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uj\u00fa. 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